Time To Stop Doing and Start Thinking: A Framework For Exploiting Web 2.0 Services

Brian Kelly, UKOLN, University of Bath, UK

Abstract

The benefits of Web 2.0 in a museum context are now being increasingly accepted, with papers at recent Museums and the Web conferences having highlighted a range of ways in which services such as Flickr and YouTube and technologies such as blogs and wikis can be used.

But what of the associated risks? What of the various concerns that the sector is beginning to address: concerns that the services may not be sustainable; institutional data may be locked into external services; services may infringe accessibility guidelines and associated legislation; users may lose interest in the services; inappropriate user-generated content may be published on the service; data created or stored on the services may not be preserved; etc.?

In a paper on "Web 2.0: How to Stop Thinking and Start Doing: Addressing Organisational Barriers" presented at Museums and the Web 2007 conference, the authors encouraged museums to take a leap of faith and begin experimentation with use of Web 2.0. But now that organisations have a clearer idea of the benefits which Web 2.0 can provide, it is appropriate to "stop doing and start thinking".

This paper describes a framework for supporting cultural heritage organisations in their use of Web 2.0 services, with examples of how this framework can be used in various contexts are provided.

Keywords: Web 2.0, cultural change, risk, accessibility, sustainability, preservation

Revisiting Web 2.0

The Web 2.0 term has now been widely accepted as a description of a new pattern of ways the Web is being used. We have progressed from the publishing paradigm which characterised what is now sometimes referred to as Web 1.0, in which small numbers of content creators made use of tools ranging from desktop HTML authoring tools through to enterprise Content Management Systems and corresponding editorial and quality assurance processes to produce content for passive consumption by end users. In a Web 2.0 environment, large numbers of users are creating content using a seemingly ever-increasing variety of tools and devices with such content being made available via a wide variety of commercial Web 2.0 services.

The characteristics of Web 2.0 were described by O’Reilly (2005). The key areas relevant to this paper include:

Although the value of the Web 2.0 term has been questioned by some, it does provide a useful way of defining a new phase in the evolution of the Web.

Use of Web 2.0 by Museums

Use of Web 2.0 at Brooklyn Museum

Caruth & Berstein (2007) provided insight into the ways an early adopter made use of a variety of social networking services. The paper described how Brooklyn Museum used services involving but not limited to Blogger, Flickr, MySpace, Facebook, Blip.tv, YouTube, Cell Phone Audio Tours, and podcasts/mp3 downloads” to support the aims of their museum.

A follow-up paper (Bernstein, 2008) described further developments at Brooklyn Museum, including further project work and development. This work included the development of the Artshare Facebook application which allows Facebook users to select from the Brooklyn Museum collection works of art which they can shuffle on their personal profiles. This application was subsequently developed further to allow other museums to use it to share works in their own collections, allowing artists on Facebook to upload their own artwork to share with friends.

The Museum Blogosphere

Chan & Spadaccini (2007) have documented the growth of use of blogs in museums: “as 2006 began, there were less than thirty known museum blogs; since then, that number has more than doubled”. The paper went on to state that in 2007 “there are well over 100 blogs exploring museum issues, from a range of institutions and individuals across the globe”. Museum Blogs (http://www.museumblogs.org/) is a directory of museum and museum-related blogs and aggregators which aims to raise awareness and increase the authority of sites focusing on museum issues. In January 2009 the directory contained a total of 286 museum-related blogs.

Use of Twitter by museums

A small number of early adopters at the Museums and the Web 2007 conference were using the Twitter micro-blogging service. By the following year, Twitter usage had grown across this sector, with the Onetag service providing an aggregation of Twitter posts (tweets) related to the conference (Ellis, 2008).

We are now seeing larger numbers of institutions (as opposed to individuals) using Twitter, including Brooklyn Museum (http://twitter.com/brooklynmuseum), the Getty Museum (http://twitter.com/GettyMuseum) and the Science Museum (http://twitter.com/sciencemuseum). Promotion of the use of Twitter by museums appears to have started in 2007, with a blog post on “What is Twitter, Really? And Can It Do Anything For Museums?” published in April 2007 (Simon, 2008a).

Following the initial take-up of Twitter we are now seeing advice which seeks to explain the potential benefits and best practices in its usage. The “An Open letter To Museums on Twitter” blog post (Simon, 2008b), for example, provides a list of suggestions; such as, “Don't use Twitter to spam me about visiting”, “It's okay if you start by just following,” “Once you decide to tweet, make it interesting,” and “Tell me something I can't find on your homepage”.

We can see a trend in which new services are initially used by individuals who are willing to make use of such innovations. Such services may then start to be used in an organisational context by the early adopters, helped by the advocacy activities of the users who like to share their experiences with their peers. We then start to see the development of advice on best practices. The next stage is likely to be the provision of directories – and here we find that a Twitter group of museum Twitter feeds has already been established (Twittergroups, nd).

Acceptance of the relevance of Web 2.0

There is no real need to expand further on the variety of ways museums have started to exploit the potential of Web 2.0. Case studies on the use of wikis, video services, podcasts, etc. have been widely published. For now, we should acknowledge that Web 2.0 is becoming mainstream in the sector. The challenge now is to revisit some of the concerns which were raised by skeptics, to explore whether such concerns are legitimate and, where they are, to develop approaches for addressing such concerns.

The Concerns

Identifying the concerns

UKOLN has delivered a series of workshops which aim to provide an understanding of the potential of Web 2.0 and also identify potential barriers to the effective deployment and use of such services and explore ways in which such barriers can be addressed. Feedback is available from several of these workshops (UKOLN, 2008a; UKOLN, 2008b). This information, provided by practitioners within the sector, has informed the ideas described in this paper.

Sustainability issues

Adie (2008) has pointed out that Web 2.0 services which rely on a global scale in terms of numbers of users and/or on social networks will become decreasingly useful if the number of users drops. Essentially, the network effect works both ways. He also referred to the University of Edinburgh Guidelines for Using External Web 2.0 Services (Edinburgh, 2007) and described the risks involved in the institution’s use of remote Web 2.0 services, especially in terms of compliance with the Data Protection Act.

Failures in the services provided by Web 2.0 companies are happening. Kelly (2008a) has described a personal example of this with the Squirl service for managing small collections. The service’s interface to Amazon seemed to fail, with no Amazon book record being retrieved from the service. Further investigation revealed, worryingly, that the service’s data export function was also broken, meaning that the data could not be easily exported from the service. In addition, Squirl’s fault-reporting e-mail address is no longer functional.

Such considerations need not, however, mean that organisations need to shy away from use of third-party services. If this were the case, then we would not entrust our savings to banks, but would keep the cash hidden under our mattresses. Rather, there is a need to evaluate the risks and to develop risk management strategies. Let us now explore some other types of risk.

Digital preservation

Are we in danger of living in the digital dark ages, as some have suggested, with Web-based resources disappearing as organisational policies and priorities change and technologies change?

A project on the Preservation of Web Resources (JISC PoWR) was funded by the JISC in order to explore more deeply the challenges faced by institutions and to provide recommendations and develop advice on best practices. The project made use of a blog (JIISC PoWR, 2008a) which highlighted various challenges of preservation in a Web 2.0 environment.

The Human Factors

It would be a mistake to regard the risks in providing services based on use of externally-hosted services as only concerned with the sustainability of the services themselves. There is a need to appreciate the risks associated with the human element. This might include the initial adopters and enthusiasts losing interest in services such as blogs and wikis, resulting in blogs no longer regularly updated, wikis not maintained, and inappropriate comments or automated comment spam not removed from services. The Museums Wiki (http://museums.wikia.com/), for example, was established in 2006 to provide a space for sharing resources and ideas about museums. However, based on pages on forthcoming events, changed pages, etc. it would appear that the service has not gained the momentum which was hoped for.

Accessibility issues

Many public sector organisations around the world will have both legal and ethical requirements to ensure that their resources and services can be accessed by people with disabilities. In the UK the DDA (Disability Discrimination Act) requires organisations to take reasonable measures to ensure that people with disabilities aren’t discriminated against unfairly. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) developed by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) play an important role in documenting approaches which can help to ensure that Web resources can be rendered by Web browsers and assistive technologies for users with a range of disabilities.

It is sometimes felt that all Web resources must conform to WCAG guidelines, and that this requirement will rule out the deployment of many Web 2.0 services which may be dependent on technologies which are deprecated in the WAI guidelines. However, as Sloan (2006) describes, the WCAG 1.0 guidelines have significant limitations, including their reliance on browsers which conform to User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) and authoring tools which conform with Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG).

Exploiting the Potential of Web 2.0

We have reviewed some of the ways in which Web 2.0 services have grown in popularity over the past couple of years. We have also looked at examples of the concerns associated with such approaches. In this section we summarize some of the broad approaches which can help to ensure that institutions maximize the potential dividends which Web 2.0 seeks to provide.

Advocacy

Although awareness of Web 2.0 is widespread in many circles, there is still a need for advocacy of the benefits to be gained, especially with senior managers and organisations which may traditionally be resistant to change. Research interests and the need to engage with young people often help to ensure that higher education institutions are early adopters of innovations. However, in other sectors such drivers will be missing, and even in higher education there may be resistance to changes especially if the benefits of change to existing working practices are not obvious.

Within the UK, UKOLN has taken a high profile in promoting the benefits of Web 2.0 to a variety of communities, including higher education and the cultural heritage sector. Such advocacy activities have included presentations at national and regional events aimed at the cultural heritage sector (UKOLN, 2008c; UKOLN, 2008d ;UKOLN, 2008e; Kelly, 2008b).

Listening

Advocacy activities need to be complemented by listening activities which help to provide a better understanding of both specific requirements within organisations and the various concerns which may be expressed.

UKOLN has delivered a series of workshops aimed at museums, libraries and archives; they have used wikis as a mechanism both for gaining feedback on potential use of Web 2.0 services and for documenting concerns and barriers encountered or expected by practitioners in the sector. The UK Web Focus blog (http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/) provides both a dissemination and communications forum for discussion and debate on best practices of use of Web 2.0 services.

Case study: Amplified Conferences

This example of an ‘amplified conference’ (Wikipedia, 2008) reflects a growing trend at IT and e-learning conferences. We are also seeing awareness that the main challenges are not necessarily the technical ones but the human issues, including understanding the purposes the technologies are being used for, addressing the potential distractions that such technologies may cause, and facing the legal and ethical challenges related to issues such as data protection, privacy and social inclusion.

A debate on the potential distractions caused by use of networked technologies in a conference environment has been featured on the Ed Techie (Weller, 2008) and UK Web Focus blogs (Kelly, 2008c). The debate has parallels with discussions on changes in the physical space, from a quiet environment for individual reading to a social space for community activities. We are seeing developments of approaches which seek to address the concerns of the two camps, ranging from use of the physical space, with separate areas for those who wish to use their PCs and those who prefer a quieter environment, through to, perhaps, the development of hardware solutions which minimize noise made when typing.

The issues of data protection and privacy may be more complex to address. Many people are happy to be included in photographs and videos, and for these to be made available on-line. However, as Andy Powell has described (Powell, 2007), sometimes individuals may object to this, with the result thatsuch images are removed from public Web sites, and the effort of any associated processing of the resources has to be written off. It may be argued that an approach to addressing such matters may be based on human sensitivities to such issues and flexibility rather than blanket bans. However, the need for Acceptable Use Policies in such cases has been described (Kelly, 2005).

Preservation in a Web 2.0 environment

The JISC PoWR project published guidelines on advice for Web preservation, and included advice on use of Web 2.0 services. As described in the project’s final report (JISC PoWR, 2008b), a variety of approaches can be taken to address preservation challenges, including use of syndication technologies to replicate content at multiple locations.

The ease of content creation and the huge diversity of ways Web 2.0 services are being used can mean that the disposition of resources is more relevant than it was in an environment where the creation of digital data was a time-consuming and resource-intensive task. Organisations may well decide that the preservation of digital resources such as Twitter posts or Skype telephone calls and instant message chats is not required.

A culture of openness

The provision of training and staff development courses is supported by the availability of resources with Creative Common licences which allow for their reuse, perhaps for non-commercial use. There is a likelihood that Web 2.0 advocates will have embraced a culture of openness and have a willingness to allow their resources to be reused by others.

UKOLN has recently released a number of briefing documents covering a variety of Web 2.0 areas which are available with a Creative Commons licence (UKOLN, 2008f) provided the aim is to maximize the organisation’s impact within the higher and further education and cultural heritage sectors. This decision also reflects an organizational culture of openness where slides used in many presentations have made use of Creative Commons licences, and access to the resources is maximised through use of popular sharing services such as Slideshare.

Risk Assessment and Risk Management

Risk assessment to support events

A risk assessment approach was developed at UKOLN, initially to support use of externally-hosted Web 2.0 services at a high profile annual UKOLN event, first in 2005 and more recently in 2008 (UKOLN, 2008g). The approach required a description of why the service is being used, a statement of the perceived risks, and details of how such risks are to be addressed, as summarized below:

Support UKOLN's Role: An important role is to keep abreast of emerging new technologies in order to provide advice on best practices to its stakeholder communities.

Advise Our Communities: Many institutions have an interest in Web 2.0, including technologies which provide social networking services and integration of content from diverse sources. Making use of such technologies allows us to provide effective advice, based on experience gained.

Provide Richer Experiences To Our Users: The hosted services aim to provide useful services to the target audience - participants at the event.

Minimise Resource Efforts: In order to minimise the use of scarce software development expertise, we use services which are freely available.

Provide A Test Bed: We seek to host appropriate services after the workshop in order to monitor changes to the services, such as withdrawal of or changes to the licence conditions, enhancements to the services, etc.

Gain Experience Prior To Service Deployment: Evaluation of the services can provide feedback on the merits of the services which will be valuable if the services are deployed more widely.

Maximise Impact: If the technologies prove significant, demonstration at the event provides an opportunity to maximise impact by exposure to 170 delegates.

Examples of possible risks and the risk assessment and risk management strategies taken were:

Applying A Risk Assessment Approach in an a Time of Economic Trouble

How should institutions respond in their uses of Web 2.0 services at a time of a global recession? Let us consider the economic risks to various stakeholder communities which may undermine the services provided by heritage organisations:

Externally-hosted Web 2.0 providers: What if the services provided by Google, Yahoo, etc. prove uneconomic and the services are shut down or the terms and conditions changed, with perhaps free-to-use services becoming subscription services?

Our institutions: What if the economic downturn affects the sustainability of the IT services provided within our institutions?

Our national services: What if the national services provided for our communities are similarly adversely affected, with users preferring the services provided by global services?

Our information providers: What if the services provided by individuals who use Slideshare, Flickr, etc. aren’t sustainable because the individuals face redundancy, early retirement, etc.?

Our funding organisations: What if our funding bodies have less money available, and are forced to stop or reduce the level of funding provided to national or institutional services?

Our user communities: What if our users’ expectations or interests change?

It should be clear that to dismiss externally-hosted services at a time of economic turmoil would be too simplistic an approach. Rather, there is a need to develop risk assessment and risk management approaches across a wide range of scenarios.

Risk assessment and accessibility

A holistic framework for Web accessibility is described by Kelly (2007) in which accessibility guidelines are treated as guidelines to be used when appropriate, and not as formal standards whose use is mandated. Further work (Kelly, 2008d) describes how this approach is particularly suited to a Web 2.0 environment in which content may be surfaced in a variety of environments (use of syndication technologies such as RSS, JavaScript widgets, etc.). This approach is based on the belief that universal accessibility is a false goal, as accessibility is dependent on complex issues such as the context and intended purpose of use, and not just the technical aspects of the Web resource itself. Rather than seeking universal access, the view is based on widening participation and social inclusion and seeking to ensure that the purpose of a service can be provided to the target audience.

More Answers: Shaping the Curve

The Gartner hype curve, a modified version of which is shown in Figure 1, provides a useful mechanism for understanding how new technologies may be perceived. This can help us to develop generic strategies which are appropriate at particular points on the curve when dealing with new technologies.

figure 1

Fig 1: Gartner Hype Curve (modified)

Early adopters are the people who are technically savvy and are prepared to make do with (in fact, relish) beta versions which may be buggy, incomplete or inadequate in other ways. As the technology becomes more widespread, often with increased media coverage, it moves up the curve, before peaking at a point called the Peak of Inflated Expectations. Here media hype has expanded and extended the original reach of the technology to realms often way beyond those which are actually possible. Typically here we see the technology presented as somehow being a panacea.

At around this time, or earlier, voices of dissent begin to be heard. The technology isn’t as good as the hype. Shortly afterwards, the technology begins an inevitable descent into the trough of despair – before leveling out to the service plateau.

The technology chasm which is shown on the graph is often a critical time for any new technology. Given widespread understanding of how hype ebbs and flows, it is often during the rising phase that technology is at the highest risk of failing to gain a foothold in the mainstream. During this time, the challenges to organisations are at their most acute.

In order to avoid potentially useful technologies’ failure to bridge this chasm, and also to reduce the time it takes for useful technologies to move from use by early adopters to more widespread use, there is a need to adopt an appropriate set of strategies. Expectations as to the capabilities of a particular technology or the difficulties which may be experienced need to be realistic. Similarly there is a need to minimise the 'trough of despair' and to ease the transition to a stable service plateau – until, of course, the next disruptive technology arrives.

Avoiding the chasm

The following approaches may help to shape the Gartner hype in a Web 2.0 environment:

Avoiding the Trough

Once technologies become over-hyped there is a danger that disillusionment will set in when the technologies fail to live up to expectations. The 'trough of despair' can be avoided by:

A Framework for Exploiting The Benefits Of Web 2.0

The need for a framework

This paper has described various examples of best practices which seek to address the tensions between the benefits which Web 2.0 services may provide and associated risks and dangers. However, there is a need to describe a generic framework which can be used to assist the decision-making processes for a range of innovative Web 2.0 services.

figure 2

Fig 2: Framework for Exploiting Web 2.0

The framework is illustrated in Figure 2. It is based on seeking to reconcile possible tensions between the two main stakeholders: the institution and the user.

The following components for the framework are used:

In addition, define the particular use cases or intended purposes which are envisaged for the service. This is to acknowledge that there will be personal and organisational biases and other subjective factors when using the framework.

Applying The Framework 1: Use of Twitter

Let us explore how this framework can be used by applying it in a number of different contexts. The first example considers the factors an institution needs to consider when considering making use of the Twitter micro-blogging service.

Let us now look at a second potential use of Twitter.

It should be noted that to avoid the dangers of conflating several different intended purposes, which may have conflicting benefits and risks, the framework is applied for each distinct use case.

Conclusions

This paper has argued that the museum community needs to complement its initial experimentation with Web 2.0 with the development of approaches which identify potential risks and seek to manage (rather than eliminate) such risks. A framework being developed to support the management of such approaches has been described. Chances of its success will be increased by input from practitioners across the museum sector. We welcome feedback and comments and invite readers to give their comments on UKOLN’s blog for the cultural heritage sector (http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/cultural-heritage/).

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Citation Details

Time To Stop Doing and Start Thinking: A Framework For Exploiting Web 2.0 Services, Kelly, B., In J. Trant and D. Bearman (eds.). Museums and the Web 2009: Proceedings. Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics. Published March 31, 2009. <http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/papers/mw-2008/>